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*Alexander, Hadden Christopher, III. Interview by the author. Richmond, VA. March 17, 2018.
“AMA History.” American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/ama-history.
AMA Logo. Photograph. HIT Consultant. https://hitconsultant.net/2014/10/15/ama-revealsblueprintfuture-of-meaningful-use/.
*“AMA Principles of Medical Ethics.” American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/sites/default/files/media-browser/principles-of-medical-ethics.pdf.
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Court Gavel. Photograph. WSAU. http://wsau.com/news/articles/2018/mar/29/stabbing-suspect-appears-in-court/.
*Doctors’ Trial at Nuremberg. Photograph. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine. http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/nurembergcode.
El Palo Alto. Photograph. Stanford. http://facts.stanford.edu/administration/.
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*The Hippocratic Oath. Photograph. http://www.catholic365.com/article/154/the-corruption-of-the-oath-of-hippocrates.html.
*Hunt, Sharon. “Marking 50 Years since the First Adult Heart Transplant in the U.S.” Interview by Scott Simon. NPR. Last modified January 6, 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/01/06/576197731/marking-50-years-since-the-first-american-heart-transplant.
Informed Consent. Photograph. Medical Claim Legal. http://medicalclaimlegal.com/practice-areas/informed-consent/.
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*Karen Ann Quinlan. Photograph. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Ann_Quinlan.
Lerner, Barron H. “Beyond Informed Consent: Did Cancer Patients Challenge Their Physicians in the Post-World War II Era?” Jounral of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 59, no. 4 (October 2004): 507-21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24632216.pdf.
*McFadden, Robert D. “Karen Ann Quinlan, 31, Dies; Focus of ‘76 Right to Die Case.” The New York Times (New York City, NY), June 12, 1985. Accessed April 27, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/12/nyregion/karen-ann-quinlan-31-dies-focus-of-76-right-to-die-case.html.
Mulbolland, Daniel M., III. “The Evolving Relationship Between Physicians and Hospitals.” Tort & Insurance Law Journal 22, no. 2 (Winter 1987): 295-311. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25761753.pdf.
New York Court. Photograph. Wikiwand. http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Schloendorff_v._Society_of_New_York_Hospital.
*New York Times (New York, NY). “U.S. Aid Requirements.” April 2, 1967. http://hn.bigchalk.com/hnweb/hn/do/document.
*New York Times (New York, NY). “U.S. Tightens Rules Over Drug Testing Involving Humans.” July 19, 1966. Accessed January 19, 2018. http://hn.bigchalk.com/hnweb/hn/do/document.
*“The Nuremberg Code.” 1949. https://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/nuremberg.pdf.
“Nuremberg Code.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/special-focus/doctors-trial/nuremberg-code.
*Pace, Eric. “P. G. Gebhard, 69, Developer Of the Term ‘Informed Consent.’” New York Times, August 26, 1997. Biography in Context (accessed January 9, 2018). http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A150299211/.
Rheumatology. Photograph. Mid-Maryland Musculoskeletal Institute. http://mmidocs.com/Rheumatology-Olney.
Riddick, Frank A., Jr. “The Code of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association.” U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399321/.
*Salgo v. Leland Stanford etc. Bd. Trustees, 17045 U.S. (California Court of Appeals ). Accessed January 26, 2018. https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/2d/154/560.html.
Scales. Photograph. New Mexico Courts. https://www.nmcourts.gov/.
*School of Medicine, Fourth Year Class, 1958-1959. Photograph. University of Virginia Library. Accessed February 2, 2018. https://search.lib.virginia.edu/catalog/uva-lib:2168684.
Signing Informed Consent. Photograph. Generation Progress. http://genprogress.org/voices/2012/02/28/17609/shunning-medical-hoops-transgender-patients-turn-to-informed-consent-m/.
Skloot, Rebecca. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Broadway Books, 2010
Stethoscope. Photograph. Gulf Coast State College. https://www.gulfcoast.edu/academics/programs/medical-aa/index.html.
Surgery. Photograph. New England Baptist Hospital. https://www.nebh.org/for-health-professionals/fellowships/spine-surgery/.
Tyson, Peter. “The Hippocratic Oath Today.” PBS: NOVA. Last modified March 27, 2001. Accessed February 2, 2018. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/hippocratic-oath-today.html.
*Alexander, Hadden Christopher, III. Interview by the author. Richmond, VA. March 17, 2018.
“AMA History.” American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/ama-history.
AMA Logo. Photograph. HIT Consultant. https://hitconsultant.net/2014/10/15/ama-revealsblueprintfuture-of-meaningful-use/.
*“AMA Principles of Medical Ethics.” American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/sites/default/files/media-browser/principles-of-medical-ethics.pdf.
Beecher, Henry Knowles. “Ethics and Clinical Research.” New England Journal of Medicine, June 16, 1966. Accessed February 2, 2018. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM196606162742405.
CDC. “The Tuskegee Timeline.” CDC. Accessed January 29, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm.
“Code of Medical Ethics Preface & Preamble.” American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/code-medical-ethics-preface-preamble.
Court Gavel. Photograph. WSAU. http://wsau.com/news/articles/2018/mar/29/stabbing-suspect-appears-in-court/.
*Doctors’ Trial at Nuremberg. Photograph. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine. http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/nurembergcode.
El Palo Alto. Photograph. Stanford. http://facts.stanford.edu/administration/.
Green, Douglas S.T., and C. Ronald MacKenzie. “Nuances of Informed Consent: The Paradigm of Regional Anesthesia.” HSS Journal, January 3, 2007. Accessed January 19, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504103/.
*The Hippocratic Oath. Photograph. http://www.catholic365.com/article/154/the-corruption-of-the-oath-of-hippocrates.html.
*Hunt, Sharon. “Marking 50 Years since the First Adult Heart Transplant in the U.S.” Interview by Scott Simon. NPR. Last modified January 6, 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/01/06/576197731/marking-50-years-since-the-first-american-heart-transplant.
Informed Consent. Photograph. Medical Claim Legal. http://medicalclaimlegal.com/practice-areas/informed-consent/.
Informed Consent Form. Photograph. Natural Blaze. https://www.naturalblaze.com/2017/11/informed-consent-vital-basic-human-right-health-freedom.html.
*Karen Ann Quinlan. Photograph. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Ann_Quinlan.
Lerner, Barron H. “Beyond Informed Consent: Did Cancer Patients Challenge Their Physicians in the Post-World War II Era?” Jounral of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 59, no. 4 (October 2004): 507-21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24632216.pdf.
*McFadden, Robert D. “Karen Ann Quinlan, 31, Dies; Focus of ‘76 Right to Die Case.” The New York Times (New York City, NY), June 12, 1985. Accessed April 27, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/12/nyregion/karen-ann-quinlan-31-dies-focus-of-76-right-to-die-case.html.
Mulbolland, Daniel M., III. “The Evolving Relationship Between Physicians and Hospitals.” Tort & Insurance Law Journal 22, no. 2 (Winter 1987): 295-311. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25761753.pdf.
New York Court. Photograph. Wikiwand. http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Schloendorff_v._Society_of_New_York_Hospital.
*New York Times (New York, NY). “U.S. Aid Requirements.” April 2, 1967. http://hn.bigchalk.com/hnweb/hn/do/document.
*New York Times (New York, NY). “U.S. Tightens Rules Over Drug Testing Involving Humans.” July 19, 1966. Accessed January 19, 2018. http://hn.bigchalk.com/hnweb/hn/do/document.
*“The Nuremberg Code.” 1949. https://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/nuremberg.pdf.
“Nuremberg Code.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/special-focus/doctors-trial/nuremberg-code.
*Pace, Eric. “P. G. Gebhard, 69, Developer Of the Term ‘Informed Consent.’” New York Times, August 26, 1997. Biography in Context (accessed January 9, 2018). http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A150299211/.
Rheumatology. Photograph. Mid-Maryland Musculoskeletal Institute. http://mmidocs.com/Rheumatology-Olney.
Riddick, Frank A., Jr. “The Code of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association.” U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399321/.
*Salgo v. Leland Stanford etc. Bd. Trustees, 17045 U.S. (California Court of Appeals ). Accessed January 26, 2018. https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/2d/154/560.html.
Scales. Photograph. New Mexico Courts. https://www.nmcourts.gov/.
*School of Medicine, Fourth Year Class, 1958-1959. Photograph. University of Virginia Library. Accessed February 2, 2018. https://search.lib.virginia.edu/catalog/uva-lib:2168684.
Signing Informed Consent. Photograph. Generation Progress. http://genprogress.org/voices/2012/02/28/17609/shunning-medical-hoops-transgender-patients-turn-to-informed-consent-m/.
Skloot, Rebecca. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Broadway Books, 2010
Stethoscope. Photograph. Gulf Coast State College. https://www.gulfcoast.edu/academics/programs/medical-aa/index.html.
Surgery. Photograph. New England Baptist Hospital. https://www.nebh.org/for-health-professionals/fellowships/spine-surgery/.
Tyson, Peter. “The Hippocratic Oath Today.” PBS: NOVA. Last modified March 27, 2001. Accessed February 2, 2018. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/hippocratic-oath-today.html.
